Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and apply the positive psychology program that was effective for improving the emotion, self-esteem, happiness, and rehabilitation capability of injured athletes and to verify the effectiveness. Methods: The study participants were selected from 14 injured athletes of the D University baseball team who had at least 8 weeks of rehabilitation remaining. This positive psychology program was developed by integrating needs analysis data using an open-ended questionnaire, reviews of related prior studies, and expert advice. The positive psychology program developed in this study(Orientation, Savoring, Gratitude, Finding Strengths, Gravity of Attention, Routine, Inspiring Hope, and Closing) was conducted for a total of 8 sessions of 50-60 minutes, 1-2 times a week. As measurement tools, Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule(PANAS), Self-Esteem Scale(RSE), Happiness measures, and Rehabilitation Capability Questionnaire(RCQ) were used. After the end of the program, the program evaluation paper was used to in-depth analysis of the research participants’ perception evaluation of the program. Result: The positive psychology program had a statistically significant effect on the improvement of positive emotion, self-esteem, happiness and rehabilitation capability of injured athletes. On the other hand, it was found that there was on statistically significant effect on the negative reduction. As a result of the qualitative verification, the suitability and validity of the positive psychology program was confirmed. Conclusion: The limitations of this study and suggestions for follow-up studies were discussed in terms of positive psychology program development and field application.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the process and experiences of retired martial arts athletes due to injury who overcame posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and achieved posttraumatic growth (PTG) by utilizing Photovoice research methods. Methods: Four retired martial arts athletes who overcame injury trauma and achieved post-traumatic growth were selected through judging sampling. The data were collected through a total of 6 non-contact/contact interviews, including personal and group interviews, in accordance with Photovoice research procedures. The collected photographic materials were analyzed according to Photovoice analysis methods (photographic selecting, contextualizing, and codifying), and the interview materials were supplemented by compositional basis theory. Results: First, the PTG experiences of a retired athletes due to injury was presented as an narrative of life with photos of the participants. Second, the steps from immediately after injury to PTG are a total of four steps, showing the following. The first stage is ‘Immediately after Injury: Loss of Daily Life’, the second stage is ‘In to the Trauma, PTSD Experrience: Seclusion into the Abyss’, the third stage is ‘Turning Point of Growth: Rediscovered Gemstone’ and the fourth stage is ‘Post-traumatic Growth: Flowering Flowers’. Through the process of theoretical coding, we constructed a diagram that separated these steps into areas of ‘Crisis zone’, ‘Silent zone’, ‘Gemstone zone’ and ‘Flourish zone’. Through the results of this study, the PTG process and experiences of martial arts athletes caused by injury were compared with PTG’s existing model. Conclusion: The study applied the photovoice research method to vividly reveal the PTG experiences of a martial artist who retired from the participants. In addition, the process from trauma to growth of participants was analyzed, divided into areas, and theoretical schematics were established. This study draws social attention to retired athletes. It is expected to be useful as empirical data for programs and policies to support them.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the process of female college students’ participation in Pilates classes through grounded theory. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with 7 female college students who participated in the liberal arts classes in ‘Life Sports’ and ‘Pilates’ opened at University B in Gyeonggi-do. From the collected data, paradigm models were derived through open coding and axis coding, and core categories and story outlines were extracted through selective coding. Result: “Participating in Pilates class” appeared as the central phenomenon, and the causal situations were ‘Negative body perception’ and ‘Curiosity about Pilates’. Contextual conditions were ‘concurrent class and exercise’ and ‘expensive Pilates’, and mediating conditions were ‘participation facilitator’ and ‘participation hindrance factor’. The action/interaction strategy was ‘motor communication’ and ‘teacher’s support’, and according to the action/interaction strategy, ‘change of body attitude’ and ‘improvement of professionalism’ appeared. Conclusion: Participants recognized the effects of Pilates through Pilates class and their attitude toward the body changed. Based on this study, it is expected that discussions on the possibility of various field applications of Pilates and the professionalism of Pilates as a college physical education class will continue.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to verify the structural relationship among team identification, viewing flow, social isolation. This is to solve the isolation problem faced by the baby boom generation due to the COVID-19 pandemic and provide specific directions to prepare for another quarantine situation in the future. Methods: To achieve this purpose of study, the survey was conducted on 302 baby boom generation-sport fans living in Seoul metropolitan area in South Korea. A total of 302 questionnaires were analyzed using frequency, confirmatory, reliability, correlation analysis. In addition, a path analysis was conducted to test hypothesis through structure equation modeling and a bootstrap approach was used to verify the mediation effect. Result: First, team identification had a positive effect on viewing flow. Second, viewing flow had a negative effect on social isolation. Third, team identification had a negative effect on social isolation. Fourth, viewing flow partially mediated the relationship between team identification and social isolation. Conclusion: The results suggest a way to solve the social isolation problem of the baby boom generation in the COVID-19 pandemic without facing each other and provide data to prepare for another situation of isolation in the future.

Purpose: The first purpose of this study is to investigate the differences in the timing of recognition of benefits and costs for exercise depending on the level of exercise behavior. Also the second purpose is to ensure the self regulatory capacity and self control have moderating effects on the relationship between exercise intention and intention-behavior gap. Methods: 100 women whose age are 20s were recruited for the research participants. The group of contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance were formed based on the Transtheoretical model, with 25 participants per group. Data were collected from 3 cognitive tests, questionnaires and text messages. Result: First, it has been shown that all groups are aware of the costs for exercise before the benefits. However, the recognition of benefits for exercise in the maintenance group was faster than in the preparation group. The temporal disjunction between benefits and costs was shown to be small in the maintenance group. Second, the exercise intention has a significant negative effect on intention- behavior gap. That is, the higher the intention, the lower the intention-behavior gap. Third, the reaction time on incongruent condition of the Stroop test, total move score and initial time of the Tower of London have moderating effects on the relationship between exercise intention and intention-behavior gap. Fourth, sub-factors of self control did not show any moderating effects on the relationship between exercise intention and intention-behavior gap. Conclusion: Temporal Self-Regulation Theory was partially validated through this paper. These results suggest that an individual’s executive function could be a significant variable to predict exercise intention - behavior gap on exercise.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find out the awareness of modern pentathlon athletes. Methods: In order to achieve the purpose of the study, the researchers recruited eight modern pentathlon athletes who had been actively playing for at least six years and conducted interviews. Since athletes can recognize sports differently depending on their career and performance, divided them into groups A (college athletes) and B (national team) according to the research participants’ experience and conducted interview with focus groups. The interview took 80 minutes for Group A and 100 minutes for Group B. The interview was recorded using a portable electronic device. Results: The collected raw contents were analyzed using a qualitative research method, topic analysis technic, which resulted in five topics, and 11 elements. The results of this study are as follows. The topics were presented as the life and modern pentathlon, the charm of the modern pentathlon, and the dis-satisfaction with the modern pentathlon and the favorable reviews of others, the criticism of others. As a result, part of life, achievement, satisfaction, long game times, narrow paths, limited facilities, sufficient publicity, positive evaluation, and encouragement from people around them, low awareness, and neglect of the others were derived. Conclusion: In order to promote the development of modern pentathlon, active promotion of modern pentathlon, expansion of infrastructure and base and career support for athletes should be provided.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is that the difference of the activation of the prefrontal cortex is made clear in order to know the ability for EMDR to influence the anxiety control. Methods: In order to achieve the purpose of this research, the eight undergraduate athletes were chosen, using discussion of anxiety, CSAI-2, SIAQ. And OBELAB fNIRS, a kind of instrument, and Matlab software were used for the experiment. The activation of the prefrontal cortex was measured in chronological order, and base line, pre-imagery, bilaterality eye movement program, post-imagery were progressed one after another. Result: First, the result of using imagery to cause anxiety was that the overall activation of the prefrontal cortex is decreased. Second, adjusting the bilaterality eye movement program cause the activation of the right prefrontal cortex to be decreased in pre-imagery and post-imagery. Finally, when each time of the bilaterality eye movement is measured, we can identify the result that the right prefrontal cortex is activated. Conclusion: This result shows that EDMR can quickly reprocess into the positive metal status the negative one caused by the negative memory about anxiety. This study shows the possibility that EDMR can be used when adjusting the unexpected anxiety which happens during the specific situation, sports.

Purpose: This study aimed to verify the difference between action anticipation and cortical neural activation for Kendo performance in the use of tools for professional kendo athlete and novice. Methods: Action anticipation tasks were performed on 15 kendo athletes and 15 novice group using temporal occlusion techniques. It is to accurately and quickly predict the final strike position by looking at the presented kendo strike videos (head, wrist and waist strike). In order to find out the differences in cortical neural activation according to action anticipation along with the task performance, motor-evoked potentials(MEPs) using TMS were measured. The dependent variables are predictive accuracy, response latency, and motor-evoked potentials, which are compared and analyzed between groups according to video length. Result: The analysis showed that the kendo athletes had an accurate and fast response latency compared to the novice. The comparison between groups according to video length was significantly accurate by the kendo athletes in sections 1 to 5, and was quickly performed by the kendo athletes in all video length conditions during the response latency time. In the comparison of the difference between the motor evoked potentials, kendo athletes were significantly higher in the 1st and 6th sections, and novice showed high cortical activation only in the 10th sections. Conclusion: As shown in the results, previous studies showed that kendo athletes’ excellent predictive abilities can also be seen in sports environments using tools, and behavioral predictive abilities are acquired through experience. The increased cortical activation of tool-use experts during behavior prediction demonstrated that mirror neurons do not simply follow motor matching between bodies, but also include movement of the tool, allowing mirror neural mechanisms to perform.